Uses of Herbal Medicine: An Overview

Uses of Herbal Medicine An Overview1 Folk medicine check to WHO- Traditional medicine is the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness. (Qi, 2014)Generally traditional medicines, alternative medicine, indigenous medicine, complementary medicine, or indwelling medicine, folk medicine are all different names of locally rig medicines.1.1 Herbal MedicinesAn herb is a plant or plant conk out used for its scent, flavour, or therapeutic properties. Medical science in which use of plants for medicinal purposes is studied, is called Herbology. Herbal medicines complicate (Qi, 2014) (Herbalism, n.d.)2 Ayurvedic medicineAyurveda, is one of the most antediluvian and comprehensive systems of healthcare. It is the science of life and system of tra ditional medicine native to Indian subcontinent. It is believed that Lord Brahma the creator of universe was first preacher of Ayurveda. cardinal Vedas, composed between 5000 -1000BC have info on treatment by plants and natural resources. However, till 1000 BC Ayurvedic system was fully developed, into Caraka Samhit and Suruta Samhit (books on Ayurveda written in systematic manner) these two books included 8(Aga) major clinical specialities (Ayurvedic Medicine, n.d.) (CCRA)3 Herbal Antibiotic MedicinesAn antibiotic is an antibacterial agent that curbs bacterial product or kills bacteria. Antibiotics if are used frequently for things they cant treatlike colds or other viral infectionsthey can stop wor tabby efficiently against bacterial infections, this development is called as antibiotic resistance. (Bruno, 2014)3.1 Echinacea3.1.1 IntroductionEchinacea is a group of herbaceous flowering plants (in daisy family), it contains nine species generally called as coneflowers. (Echinacea , n.d.)3.1.2 geographic AvailabilityAre generally found in eastern and central North America. (Echinacea, n.d.)3.1.3 healthful cause/UsesIt is called as granddaddy of all immune- enhancing herbs. It is an immune stimulant, is refined in preventing and treating colds and influenza. Research reveals that it affirms the immune system by actuating white blood cells (WBCs-lymphocytes and macrophages. (Bruno, 2014) (Literature Education Series On dietetic Supplements )3.1.4 DosageGeneral battery-acid range for Echinacea extract is 200-300 mg for acute infections (e.g. Cold or flu) could be increased to 900-1200mg. (Bruno, 2014)3.2 Andrographis paniculata3.2.1 Introduction geographical AvailabilityAlso called as king of bitters, kalmeghDark Cloud, Bhuneem neem of ground. It is an annual herbaceous plant in the family Acanthaceae, native to India and Sri Lanka widely cultivated in south and southeastward Asia. Mostly the leaves and roots are used for medicinal purposes. (Andrographis paniculata, n.d.)3.2.2 Medicinal do/UsesIt contains a number of bitter components, which have both immune-stimulating and anti-inflammatory action. Studies have shown that Andrographis may help individuals suffering from the respiratory infection, common cold, and ulcerative colitis. It has an active component Andrographolide, in Andrographis, which is responsible for modulation of various inflammations. (Bruno, 2014) (Literature Education Series On Dietary Supplements )3.3 Berberine3.3.1 Introduction Geographical AvailabilityIt is a quaternary ammonium salt from protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids bitter in taste, yellow in colour, plant chemical found in the roots of various herbs, including- European barberry (Berberis vulgaris), Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium)( Mahonia aquifolium)flowering plant native to western North America, and tree turmeric (Berberis aristata).(Bruno, 2014)3.3.2 Medicinal nitty-grittyuate/UsesPlants containing barberine are immune stimul ant also has shown activity against fungal infections, Candida albicans, yeast, parasites, and bacterial/viral infections such as urinary tract infections, chloroquine-resistant malaria, bacterial-induced diarrhoea, treatment of trachoma leishmaniasis(both in eye).3.4 golden oak mushroom and AHCC3.4.1 Introduction Geographical AvailabilityShiitake is native to East Asia (China, Japan, and Korea). In English called as- Sawtooth oak mushroom, black forest mushroom, black mushroom, golden oak mushroom, or oakwood mushroom. (Shiitake, n.d.)3.4.2 Medicinal Effects/UsesShiitake- is a mushroom used for increasing immunity, making liver healthy and regulating unwanted growth of muted jut and pancreas cells (Cancer). Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) is an -glucan-rich compound isolated from shiitake. AHCC is the second most popular complementary and alternative medicine used by pubic louse patients in Japan. (Shiitake, n.d.) AHCC may increase the bodys resistance to pathogen (a s resulted in experiments with-influenza virus, West Nile virus, or bacterial infection)3.5 Pomegranates3.5.1 Introduction Geographical AvailabilityOriginated in Iran. It has been mentioned in many ancient texts of Babylon, Quran, Hormeric Hymes, and Books of Exodus. (Pomegranate, n.d.)3.5.2 Medicinal Effects/UsesIts juice has better antioxidant activity than red wine and green tea. (Pomegranate, n.d.)Use in Ayurvedic medicine Bark of its tree, flower juice is used as remedy to treat diarrhoea, dysentery, internal parasites, stopping nose bleeds, gum bleeds, toning of skin and treating haemorrhoids. The seeds and juice of pomegranates are considered good for the heart and throat. Sweet pomegranate fruit is cognize as blood builder. Pomegranate juice is also used as an eye drop, as it is conceived to retard the growth of cataracts.(Nelson, n.d.)3.6 Garlic3.6.1 Introduction Geographical AvailabilityIt was known to Ancient Egyptians, and has been used for both medicinal purposes and culinary. Studies done have found that when it is crushed, it yields allicin-an antibiotic and antifungal compound, sulfur-containing compounds alliin, ajoene, diallyl polysulphides, vinyldithiins, S-ally cysteine, and enzymes, B vitamins, proteins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids etc. (Garlic, n.d.)3.6.2 Medicinal Effects/UsesGarlic acts as Diuretic, Flu remedy, Urinary Antiseptic, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Anti asthmatic, immune stimulus etc. It also reduces accumulation of cholesterol, inhibits vascular calcification in patients with high blood cholesterol. Vasodilatory loading (widening of blood vessels) of garlic- probably due to catabolism of garlic-derived polysulfide to hydrogen sulfide in red blood cells (RBCs).3.7 Ginger3.7.1 Introduction Geographical AvailabilityIt is a gaminess that flourishes in warm and sunny regions like South Asia. Ayurvedic verse says that to enhance digestion everyone should eat fresh ginger just before lunch and dinner. The characteristic sme lling and taste of ginger is simulated due to a mixture non-volatile phenylpropanoid zingerone, shogaols and gingerols, volatile oils (called as essential oils) that compose 1-3% of the weight of fresh ginger.3.7.2 Medicinal Effects/Uses moot paper on NCBI, ginger inhibits growth and modulates secretion of angiogenic factors in ovarian cancercells. The use of dietary agents such as ginger may have strength in the treatment and prevention of ovarian cancer. (Jennifer Rhode, 2007) In general, ginger enhances the blood flow throughout the body, and stimulates circulation, treat nausea caused by seasickness, morning sickness, digestive disorder, stomachic problems, constipation, and colic. Tea brewed from ginger is a common local remedy for treating colds.3.8 Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum)3.8.1 Introduction Geographical AvailabilityA group of researchers from Central University of Punjab, have done learn using Chloroplast genome sequences, and have found that Tulsi is native to North-C entral India. (Tulsi, n.d.) Varieties of Tulsi/Holy BasilKrishna or shyama Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)Rama Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum),Vana Tulsi (Ocimum gratissimum)3.8.2 Medicinal Effects/UsesIn Ayurveda, it is termed as elixir of life.(Bhattathiry, n.d.)3.9 turmeric3.9.1 Introduction Geographical AvailabilityIt is native to tropical Tamil Nadu and South-East Asia. Chemical Composition Most important group of compounds in turmeric is called curcuminoids. Curcuminoid include curcumin (diferuloylmethane) 3.14% avg., demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. It also contain Volatile oils. (turmeric, n.d.)3.9.2 Medicinal Effects/UsesTurmeric is potent antioxidant, powerful anti-inflammatory agent, lowers total cholesterol, anticoagulant, act as antacid, liver protective, anticancer activity, raise immunity and reduces blood sugar.According to a study paper on NCBI, Curcumin (in turmeric) have shown positive effect on Alzheimers disease treatment. (Palanivelu, 2011)(Synopsis of Turmerics me nd Properties, n.d.) (Dr.Jayaprakash, n.d.)3.10 Aloe Vera3.10.1 Introduction Geographical AvailabilityIt is common in India, South Africa, Barbados, Haiti etc. The herb has been regularly mentioned as being used in herbal medicine since first century AD. (Aloe Vera, n.d.) It contains slippery, slimy constituents that have a soothing effect, as well as a wound-healing effect. In Ayurvedic medicines Aloe Vera is commonly used due to its disinfectant properties. Sapnonin are the class of chemical compounds found in various plants (including Aloe Vera). It has soap like physical behaviour it acts as anti-feedant, and protect plant against microbes and fungi. (Sapnonin, n.d.)3.10.2 Medicinal Effects/UsesCommercial Use Yogurts, beverages, health drinks, cosmetic items such as shampoos, soaps, creams, moisturizers etc. Scientific research and clinical trials have found it helpful in treating cancer and certain blood diseases, particularly those associated with low white blood cell counts , such as leukemia have soothing skin and healing burns, have rashes, frostbite, and double-dyed(a) wounds(due to presence of chrysophanic acid) helpful in treating dandruff, acne, ringworm, gum disease . (Aloe Vera, n.d.)4 References(2014, 05 08). Retrieved from NCHF http//www.ncfh.org/docs/fs-Folk%20Medicine.pdfAloe Vera. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_veraAloe Vera. (n.d.). Retrieved from howstuffworks http//health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/natural-medicine/herbal-remedies/aloe-vera-herbal-remedies.htmAndrographis paniculata. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrographis_paniculataAyurvedic Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedic_medicineAyurvedic Medicine An Introduction. (2013, 08). Retrieved from NCCAM http//nccam.nih.gov/health/ayurveda/introduction.htmBerberine. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BerberineBerberis. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikiped ia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BerberisBhattathiry, M. (n.d.). 15 Benefits of the Holy Basil (Tulsi). Retrieved from Hinduism http//hinduism.about.com/od/ayurveda/a/tulsibenefits.htmBruno, G. (2014, 01 02). Total Health. Retrieved from Herbal Alternatives to Antibiotics http//www.totalhealthmagazine.com/articles/herbal-medicine/herbal-alternatives-to-antibiotics.htmlCCRA. (n.d.). Ayurveda Introduction. Retrieved from CCRAS http//www.ccras.nic.in/ayurveda/Chapter-1 Introduction.pdfDr.Jayaprakash. (n.d.). Turmeric secret ayurvedic recipes. Retrieved from dharmaayurveda http//www.dharmaayurveda.com/article/2304.html?aEchinacea. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EchinaceaGarlic. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GarlicHerbalism. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HerbalismHowstuffworks. (n.d.). Retrieved from Ginger http//health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/natural-medicine/herbal-remedies/ginger-herbal-remed ies.htmJennifer Rhode, S. F. (2007). Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells. Retrieved from NCBI http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2241638/Literature Education Series On Dietary Supplements . (n.d.). Retrieved from Huntington College of Health Sciences http//www.hchs.edu/literature/Cold Flu Sinusitus.pdfNelson, N. (n.d.). 20 Antibacterial and Antiviral Herbs and How to Use Them. Retrieved from www.sustainablebabysteps.com/antiviral-herbs.htmlPalanivelu, S. M. (2011). The effect of curcumin (turmeric) on Alzheimers disease An overview. Retrieved from NCBI http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781139/Pomegranate. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PomegranateQi, D. Z. (2014). WHO. Retrieved from Traditional and Complementary Medicine http//www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/Sapnonin. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaponinMedical_usesShiitake. (n.d.) . Retrieved from Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShiitakeShiitake. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShiitakeSynopsis of Turmerics Healing Properties. (n.d.). Retrieved from Turmeric http//www.turmeric.co.in/turmeric_ayurvedic_use.htmTulsi. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorumTurmeric. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric

Case study on observations of a child

Case study on expressions of a childFor confidentiality reason, I will refer to the child as A. Child A is a male, from a working class family, mixed heritage background mum is Indian and dad is English. He is three years and two months old, a middle child with an older brother aged four and a nine months old sister. Parents are married and they all live together. The Tavistock Model of observation was mappingd, as it seconds social work student to reflect upon situations before intervening. A naturalistic observation was carried out in a co-educational private nursery with a class size of 20 children ages amidst 3-4, and 3 teachers. To respect the rights of the carers and child As parent, consent was acquired. A target child observation was conducted for one min a week over a six weeks period. To ensure the ecological validity and reduce demand characteristics an undisclosed non-participant observation was carried out.Observations provide a content of objective measurement of a wide range of behaviors as they occur in the natural environment. The use of direct observation allows for the description and evaluation of precise behaviours. Observational data accept greater external or ecological validity. Behavioural observation can provide information about the purpose or cause of a given behaviour by evaluating its origin and consequent events that maintain the target behaviours.Structured ObservationThe most important skill involve for structured observation is an appreciation of informational theories and the personnel environmental factors have on culture. All aspects of observed behaviour according to Sheppard (2006) as citied in (Adams, Dominelli, Payne, 2009, p. 211), must(prenominal) be rigorously explained, analysed and contextualised.A structure observation has been defined as a detached rigorous approach adopted by researchers in a naturalistic constraintled observation. This approach according to, produces an ecologically viable and r eliable data free from a demand characteristics due to its scientific nature. Given the complexity of a scientific observation, and the constraints of time, only scientific aspect of behaviour is observed.Objective- that is free from personal feelings or thoughts for object lesson my preceding accepts, attitude and values. In conducting the observation, I strive to subjugate jumping into conclusion making generalisation expressing personal opinions and labelling.Listening skills- both verbal and non-verbal communication. Direct observation of non-verbal behaviour adds information about emotional states. loving histrions need to be attentive to non-verbal cues e.g. tone of voice and link behaviour with emotions that might have caused it.Retaining the role of the observer- this was done by avoiding initiating or responding to the children.Avoid premature interpretation, without seeking to understand the context in which behaviour occurred.Accurate recording in a factual and ch ronological manner. This was especially helpful when relating observed behaviours to mental theories.Recording as soon as possible as this affects how much I was able recall and the language used to code behaviour and experiences was too important for understanding my material.From a social work perspective, in order to gain useful information and reliable interpretation, a reflective approach has been used. Allows control of extraneous variables. Reliability of results can be tested by repeating the study. Provides a safe environment to study contentious concepts such as infant extension. The implementation of controls may have an effect on behaviour. Lack of ecological validity. Observer effect. Observer bias.Key psychology theoriesDevelopmental psychology is concerned with understanding the interaction between individuals and their environment, and the impact this has on their long-term phylogenesis. Crawford and footnote (2003, p18) as citied in (Ingleby 2010, 74), highlig hted the impact biological and sociological perspective has on child developing. brotherly workers work in a complex society dealing with individuals, family and communities. For social workers to be effective practitioner, the ability of relating theories to practise must non be underestimated.In the child development, the nature vs. nurture debate is vital, if the extent to which environmental and/or heredity factors that affects child development is to be established. Nature looks at the impact of heredity factors whiles nurture concentrates on the environmental factors on the development of a child.Psychodynamic surmise focuses on the nature side of the debate. Nature influences the societal norms especially in the potpourri of milestone development. This is evidence in the classification used by psychologist such as Freud in his classification of psychosocial stages of development. accord to Gesell, through maturation, the sequence of later development is determined. He used this term to describe, Genetically programed sequential patterns of change (H Bee and D Boyd, 2010, p. 5). The psychodynamic theory is ground on the assumption that development is in stages and maturation is based on the inner conflicts and environmental demands. According to Freud, the language and thought development can be accounted for by the egocentric nature of a child. He carve up his theory into psychosexual stages the libido was seen as the most sensitive part at that stage. The observed child was fascinated about his toilet habit this stage of development according to Freud was referred to as the anal stage as the libidinal energy is focused there. The observed pomped the anal stage with little or no signs of the previous stage, which according to Freud is known the oral stage. For Freud, a stage cannot be completed if the childs need were not sufficiently met.Erikson like Freud is a psychoanalyst he believes that development is through stages and that the success ful interaction between the child and the environment accounts for the development. He unlike Freud believes the environmental demands accounts for to a greater extent in comparison to maturation. The observed child dis prevail a secure relationship toward his mother based on trust. This according to Freud can be accounted for by the effective bind with his mother during the critical period. Erickson stages of developmentEgo Development Outcome Autonomy vs. ShameBasic Strengths Self-control, Courage, and WillDuring this stage children learn to master skills for themselves. They have the opportunity to build self-esteem and familiarity as they gain more control over their bodies and acquire new skills, learning right from wrong. It is likewise during this stage, however, that they can be vulnerable. If they are shamed in the process of learning important skills, they may feel great shame and doubt of their capabilities and suffer low self-esteem as a result.The relationship betwe en the child and carer is critical for emotional well-being. By responded in a loving way, the carer helps to build As self-esteem. He felt secure and ready to explore more through play and interacted well with both peers and carers. Erickson Expanded on Freuds theories, he believed that development is life-long. He emphasized that at each stage, the child acquires attitudes and skills resulting from the successful talks of the psychological conflict.Basic trust vs. mistrust (birth 1 year)Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (ages 1-3)Initiative vs. guilt (ages 3-6)For secure attachment to be formed, according to Freud, the childs gratifications should have been sufficiently satisfied (Gross, 2010, p. 495).Whilst carrying out this observation, child A was involved in solitary play. I noticed that A was very imaginative in his play and engaged in private speech, as he used pieces of Lego to make a train track.According to Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development, A should be in the pre-occu pational where symbolization is used. By about 2 years of age a child can let one object stands for (or symbolise) something else. During play, A would get upset if the Lego were not held in place. A did not act out his frustration as appropriate attention and recognition was given by the carer. A responded happily, smiled and said convey you.Child A was dropped off at nursery at 8.00 by his mother along with his older brother. He was very happy on stretch he knew were to hang his coat and bag. His mum praised him and gave him a squeeze play. A has therefore been conditioned by his mum as he associate getting a kiss and hug from mum, with hanging his coat and bag. BEHAVIOURISM-This behaviour can be linked to the work of Skinner known as OPERANT CONDITIONING, this refers to the link that endure between positively affirming behaviour that reinforces a particular stimulus Ingleby (2009). He showed his mother and brother his friends and identified then by name. However there was a change in behaviour when he entered his class, he was very quiet asked his mother to stay. However, when his mother explained that she had to leave he started crying. His mother assured him and with a hug and a kiss said goodbye. His carer was then able to comfort him. After about 5 minutes he was settled and assisted himself to breakfast.According to Bowlby and Ainsworth on attachment theory child A would be described as been securely attached. He exhibited distress when mother dropped him off, entirely because he has formed an attachment to the carer as well, she was able to comfort him. He felt secure and able to depend on the carer this is because A knows that she will provide comfort and reassurance, in generation of need.The observed child display a secure relationship toward his mother based on trust. This according to Freud can be accounted for by the effective bonding with his mother during the critical period.Secure Attachment-The carer was also seen as another attachmen t figure because of the behaviour, responsiveness and sensitivity of the carer. This was also demonstrated through play as the carer did not intrude but take the lead of the child and assisted when the appropriate.He independently buttered his bread and poured some milk. After breakfast, he informed his carer in a cheerful tone that he had finished his food. The carer replied saying good boy. He smiled and started putting away his cutleries and instructed a group of 3 boys and 2 girls to help tidy up. This observed behaviour has linked toLev Vygotskys Sociocultural TheoryChildrens cognitive development is heavily influenced by social and cultural factors. Childrens thinking develops through dialogues with more capable peopleZone of Proximal Development child A needed guidance during play by the skilled carer who acted as a scaffold by providing temporary support. Adults help children learn how to think by scaffolding, or supporting, their attempts to solve a problem or to discover principles. Scaffolding must be responsive to a childs needsOn the nurture side of the debate, is behavioural theories, child development is influenced by environmental factors and the unconscious they believe is of little importance. According to Watson 1913 as cited by (H Bee and D Boyd, 2010), nurture plays an important part through the manipulation of environmental factors. This was demonstrated in his research on Little Albert and the effect of classical conditioning. The focus of the behavioural approach is on how the environment influences overt behaviour. According to behaviourist, an individual is a clean slate and the environmental factors are the starter and the individual holding the chalk what is written on the slate is decided by the individual holding the chalk (Ingleby, 2010, p. 5). An individual identity is therefore make by the interaction between the individual and the environment this is a theory that can be associated with psychologist such as Skinner, Watson and Pavlov.Nature and nurture interaction is complex and both cannot independently shape a childs development. Rultter A, as cited in that nature should be considered by examining the vulnerability and protective factors effects on child development.Stages of gentle development and there relevance to social workDevelopmental psychology is concerned with understanding the interaction between individuals and their environment, and the impact this has on their long-term development. Crawford and Walker (2003, p18) as citied in (Ingleby, 2010, p. 74), highlighted the impact biological and sociological perspective has on child development.It is difficult to determine specific times when developmental changes occur, as they disagree from person to person.The importance of observing childrenIt gives a true and accurate account of the stages of developmentIt aids our understanding of child developmentIt provides evidence on our friendship of what influences may affect developmentA clea r understanding of the value and theories of playObservation helps us to fill in the gap between theory and practice.Fawcett (1996) describes the purpose of a child observation as to develop professional competence in work with children and familiesobservation should help you understand children and their range of behaviour better, to reassess your own preconceptions on the subject (Fawcett 1996, cited in The Frame work for Assessment of children in need)objectiveAn increased sensitivity to children and a heightened ken of the unique qualities of childhoodA greater knowledge of how Child A thinks, feels, view the world, and how this compares to developmental normsA depict of child A, based on conditions that changes as new information added over time (Feeney, 2001, p.107-112When interpreting the result of my observation,I was aware of my own assumptions about childrens behaviour based on my knowledge and experience (i.e. child development, socio-cultural influences, individual ex perience, etc.)The different perspectives that can contribute to a better understanding of the childs behaviour.I also learn to reflect on my feelings without distorting the observation.I also learn to recognise the childs position in his family and nursery, as well the wider social context and appreciate the diversity of these networks.REFLECTIONAt the start of the observation I felt anxious and concentrated on trying to relate psychological theories to observed behaviour. However, with time I became less anxious about the process and I was beginning to feel relax in my role as an observer.I felt happy at how responsive the carers were to the needs of the child especially during detachment with parent and play. Following the death of Baby P, Laming (2009) recommended a full remodelling of social work training good observation analytic skills development of emotional resilience reflection on and analysis of what is observed.Reflection according to Ruch (2000)supports insight into how personal background affects learning and practicethe unavoidable impact of the emotional content of the interactions between social worker and clientthe experiences of the clientenables holistic approach to self and practice by integrating thinking and feelingOn examining attachment I believe it is important to examine how emotionally expressive the culture in question is only then can we build a true picture of the attachment of the child based on an anti-discriminatory theory base.This experience has been invaluable as it contributes toward my personal development as it has enhanced my reflective and self-aware use of self which necessary for personal development and use of the professional self.As started by Mandell (2008 p. 244) Social workers bring to their profession not only their skills and knowledge but also their emotional history, values, commitment to social justice, biases, attitudes, anxieties, self-concept, protective instincts, cultural background and social iden tityDuring the observation and when relating observed behaviours to psychological theories I was petrified of mirroring my own first experiences and the influence this may have on my behaviour and responses to the observed behaviour.Closely observing a child over time has given me insight knowledge of theorising. I was able to integrate theory with practice and an understanding of the variety and range of factors that have an impact upon childrens development and performance. The understanding of self, self-awareness and been reflective in practice and learning and acknowledging how my personal background may affect my learning and practice Understanding the unavoidable impact of the emotional content of the interactions between social worker and service users for example during the observation I felt isolated, confused, happy, anxious and frustrated at times. This experience also helps me develop and understand the importance of maintaining professional boundaries for example main taining the role of an observer and integrity in initiating the contact between the nursery and the parent of the child observed by been honest about my intention and maintaining confidentiality. On the issue of seeking the consent of the child, I faced no dilemmas as the child was unable to give informed consent.

Ghana and the Social Contract :: aristotle, family, values, communities

Aristotle rightly said that the family is the building block of the society and each family has its common values and preferences. Even though individuals may live to the same family and society, they would have diverse opinions on what the society should be and where it should be headed. Even in the face of sh ard values by a society, in that respect is an other(a) discriminant of individuals value systems- their experiences. These experiences make them masters of themselves because they assume that their experiences are unique to only them and therefore these views should be recognized as valid. crowd OToole categorised the value systems of individuals under the intravenous feeding major themes of community, efficiency, liberty and equality (OToole, 1995). This paper reflects on the good society and its constituents in the light of these four themes. OToole believes these four are the great themes of political argument which face trade-offs with each other and have an inverse relationship with each other, that is, an increase in hotshot causes a decrease of the other. Thomas Jefferson considered the good society to be a society in which everyone was happy and I agree with that because happiness is the determination product of various favourable factors in a persons life. Furthermore, I am of the same view that a good society is one that ensures the rights of every member of the society. This is because every human being is innately self-seeking and this is evident in a childs selfish efforts to attain his or her wants in spite of being young in knowledge of the society. Even though humans can be selfless, their basic needs should at least(prenominal) be met because the satisfaction of their needs sustain them and ensures their contentment. To ensure basic rights of individuals, it is essential to know which value they hold dear, whose fulfilment would bring them long lasting pleasure, thus, leading(a) into the exploration of these major core values.L iberty is concerned with tolerantdom of the individual in three spheres, which are in politics, religion and economics and this value births individuals who are known as libertarians. The modern Libertarian principle that these individuals operate by is that the equal right to freedom constitutes the full extent of human equality all other equalities are unwarranted and unjust (OToole, 1995). Thus, libertarians support every kind of liberty which includes economic liberty hence, capitalism. As such they believe that government interventions in the free market stifle economic progress.

Aspects of Breast Cancer :: essays papers

Aspects of Breast genus CancerAccording to the Ameri crumb Cancer Society, in the United States in 1997alone, 180,000 population were diagnosed with a horrible disease. Of alltypes of crabby person pectus cancer ranks second and is the number one cancerwhich is fatal in women between ages of 15 to 54. This cancer is withinthe top three cancers of all women supra the age of 15. This awfuldisease is mamilla cancer.Breast cancer is a group of rapidly evolution reproducing,undifferentiated cells in the argona of the breast in a charr. Theearliest stages occur in the epithelial cells of the terminal end buds(TEB) of the breast milk ductal system. age the causes of breastcancer are unknown, the cells in the breast trigger a reaction of cellreproduction. These new cancer cells form tumors. If cancer cells are spry or are considered malignate, the tumor grows at severe speeds,and whitethorn end up in metastasis. Metastasis is a process in which cellsbreak away from their pr ime tumors and is carried through with(predicate) the bloodsupply or through the lymph system and relocate into other organs, hence openinging cancer throughout the body if left untreated. Generally, if alump is less than one centimeter, it is considered benign, although everywoman should consult her doctor about any unusual bumps or feeling in the agency. One bulls eye of breast cancer results from ductal cancer in thebreast. A once hollow open tube could be completely clogged up withcancerous cells thus leaving an awkward feeling in the chest area. Thebody is forced to supply nutrition for itself, but also for the largetumors that clog and cram the system.Although at that place are many different types of breast cancer, these are themost common. The first one is adenocarcinoma. It starts in theglandular tissues in any part of the body. Even though that it is acommonly diagnosed cancer the prognosis can vary greatly due to when thecancer is found. This accounts for nearl y all breast cancer.Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a noninvasive breast cancer. Itstarts in ducts but doesnt spread through the duct walls. The best wayto detect this kind of cancer is by a mammogram. This may change into aninvasive cancer if not caught in time. If it changes then it is calledan infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). This form of invasive cancerinvades the fatty tissue of the breast. IDC invades to other parts ofAspects of Breast Cancer essays papersAspects of Breast CancerAccording to the American Cancer Society, in the United States in 1997alone, 180,000 people were diagnosed with a horrible disease. Of alltypes of cancer breast cancer ranks second and is the number one cancerwhich is fatal in women between ages of 15 to 54. This cancer is withinthe top three cancers of all women above the age of 15. This awfuldisease is breast cancer.Breast cancer is a group of rapidly growing reproducing,undifferentiated cells in the area of the breast in a woman. Theearliest stages occur in the epithelial cells of the terminal end buds(TEB) of the breast milk ductal system. While the causes of breastcancer are unknown, the cells in the breast trigger a reaction of cellreproduction. These new cancer cells form tumors. If cancer cells areactive or are considered malignate, the tumor grows at tremendous speeds,and may end up in metastasis. Metastasis is a process in which cellsbreak away from their primary tumors and is carried through the bloodsupply or through the lymph system and relocate into other organs, thusspreading cancer throughout the body if left untreated. Generally, if alump is less than one centimeter, it is considered benign, although everywoman should consult her doctor about any unusual bumps or feeling in thechest. One sign of breast cancer results from ductal cancer in thebreast. A once hollow open tube could be completely clogged up withcancerous cells thus leaving an awkward feeling in the chest area. Thebody is f orced to supply nutrition for itself, but also for the largetumors that clog and cram the system.Although there are many different types of breast cancer, these are themost common. The first one is adenocarcinoma. It starts in theglandular tissues in any part of the body. Even though that it is acommonly diagnosed cancer the prognosis can vary greatly due to when thecancer is found. This accounts for nearly all breast cancer.Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a noninvasive breast cancer. Itstarts in ducts but doesnt spread through the duct walls. The best wayto detect this kind of cancer is by a mammogram. This may change into aninvasive cancer if not caught in time. If it changes then it is calledan infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). This form of invasive cancerinvades the fatty tissue of the breast. IDC invades to other parts of

Difference Between General Perspectives :: essays research papers

What is the difference between the world-wide perspectives? How does the work of Ritzer attempt to overcome this problem?Micro theories examine the processes of face-to-face ghost among individuals and personal points-of-view in society whereas, the macro theories deal with large-scale social events of society - meaning things that allow public concern.The theories that atomic number 18 apart of the micro-level are symbolical interactionism, dramaturgy, ethnomethodology, and exchange theory. Symbolic interaction is an individual-based theory that uses constructed symbols, such as language and gestures, to which people give meaning in their everyday interactions. Dramaturgy, best stated by Goffman (1959), is what actors portray on a the theatrical stage is similar to the way people act in society. Ethnomethodology is basic common-sense used in for general situations in everyday life (Ritzer, 77). Exchange theory is a given relationship is found to be attractive whereas the reward s tend to outweigh punishment (Blau, 1964).Structural functionalism and scrap theory are two types of macro-theories. Structural functionalism (Perrucci, 1983) has three main ideas 1) society is a system containing interdependent and interacting parts bound together in prison term and space, 2) shared values among members of the system are social glue that helps hold it together, 3) and systems have a need for stability and therefor attempt the parts working(a) together harmoniously. Conflict theory is the belief that society contains basic inequalities in wealth, power, and prestige (Coser, 1967 Dahrendorf, 1959).Ritzer, like many other sociologists, wants to disintegrate the split between the micro and macro sociology. Ritzer attempts to do this by adding on to Gurvitchs insights . Ritzer views the micro-macro issue, not by subjective-objective continuum, but the phenomena as subjective or objective therefore, concluding that there are four major levels of analysis (See Table I ) that are a product of dialectical interrelationships (Ritzer, 1996).Table I - Ritzers Major Levels of Social Analysis macroscopicI. Macro-objectiveExamples - society, law, bureaucracy, architecture, technology, and languageII. Macro-subjectiveExamples- culture, norms, and valuesIII. Micro-objectiveExamples - patterns of behavior, action, and interactionIV. Micro-subjectiveExamples - perceptions, beliefs the various facets of the social construction of realityMICROSCOPICIn row 1, the macro-objective, involves the large-scale basic standards and material realities (Ritzer, 359) by which the general populous abides by whereas as the macro-subjective is the large-scale intangible ideals such as norms and values which shape our everyday lives. In row 2, the micro theories also have the objective and subjective consistencies but on a smaller scale.

The Regrets of a Time Gone By :: essays research papers fc

The Regrets of a Time Gone ByPoetry is a language of understanding. The endorser must be adapted to comprehend the various known connotations for words as well as be able to pick up on the uncommon and unknown meanings of words. Poets argon masters of language. They constantly manipulate words to make a specific connotation fit the ideas and scenarios that they choose to describe. Therefore, poetry is a language that requires a reader to closely read and pay attention to certain aspects in order for he or she to understand the poets message. The poet, Robert Frost, takes the idea of a harvest and uses it as a metaphor to expound upon different aspects of life. In the verse, After Apple-Picking, Frost uses imagery, figurative language, and a reminiscent tone to demonstrate to the reader the various emotions and complications of life. What at first glance from the title seems to be a metrical composition about picking apples is really a metaphor about retirement. The first idea t he poem illustrates is that the vocalizer has no true desire to depart from his work. His long two-pointed ladder that still rest upon the same tree toward heaven still is a metaphor symbolizing his reluctance to leave and accept that the day is coming to an end (line 1)(line 2). He becomes unable to fulfill his last days work as though the completion of the task would make the finalization too real. He mentions the barrel the he didnt fill and refers to some apples that he didnt pick that still lessen from some bough as though he is leaving something behind that he truly cares about or some matter of unfinished business (line 5). The speaker struggles between feelings of regret and feelings of satisfaction as he ponders his accomplishments and the opportunities that he let pass him by in life. His emotions run the gamut from lament to fulfillment as he slightly regrets the fact that he is done with apple-picking now (line 6). He mentions an essence of winter sleep present in the air which is easily see as a sense of hibernation or a long restful and peaceful slumber that is sure to come very soon (line 7). Grounding this poem in reality reassures the fact that it is after a long day, or era, and the speaker is reflecting on all that has passed him by in that time.

Women and Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Pride

Women and Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice And they lived happily ever after... Or did they? Pride and Prejudice, a captivating novel written by Jane Austen, is the story of Elizabeth and her adventure challenging society and ending up deep in true love. Pride and Prejudice takes place in a township outside of London called Hertfordshire, where the reader follows Elizabeth, her friends, and her family as they search for love in the nineteenth nose candy. The author writes of Elizabeths journey of not only purpose herself, but finding true love with Mr. Darcy in the end. Austen herself never married, something that was very untraditional for her time. She went against normalcy and knew that marriage was for love, not money as many people often recognised it as. This viewpoint from the author is drawn out for us through a major idea in the novel. The theme of women and marriage traditions in the nineteenth century is clearly demonstrated through many of the characters in Austens novel. The opening sentence reveals the theme to the reader quite straightforwardly. Auste...